Thus, it is essential to select a proper path-loss model for design of the mobile system in the given environment. When the cell size is quite small (in the range of 10 to 100 m), deterministic models based on ray tracing methods are used. These models are used for microcell systems. On the other hand, the prediction models for short distance path-loss estimation use building heights, street width, street orientation, and so on. The long distance prediction models intended for macrocell systems use base station and mobile station antenna heights and frequency. Each model uses specific parameters to achieve reasonable prediction accuracy. Some of these models were derived in a statistical manner based on field measurements and others were developed analytically based on diffraction effects. Several models have been proposed for cellular systems operating in different environments (indoor, outdoor, urban, suburban, rural). Propagation path-loss models play an important role in the design of cellular systems to specify key system parameters such as transmission power, frequency, antenna heights, and so on. Garg, in Wireless Communications & Networking, 2007 3.9 Propagation Path-Loss Models Radio Propagation and Propagation Path-Loss Models
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